Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Endocrine Systems

This unit explores the anatomy and physiology of the urinary and reproductive systems and the regulatory roles of the nervous and endocrine systems. Students will examine structure–function relationships, gametogenesis, fertilization and pregnancy, and neural and hormonal mechanisms of homeostasis to prepare for integrated clinical applications in the final unit.

Learning Objectives

• Analyze the structures and functions of the urinary system, interpret basic urinalysis findings, and relate common pathological disruptions to disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance.
• Demonstrate and sequence the processes of gametogenesis in males and females and describe the anatomical and physiological steps from fertilization through early pregnancy.
• Evaluate anatomical structures and physiological functions of the male and female reproductive systems and assess clinical conditions that affect fertility, conception, and pregnancy outcomes.
• Apply principles of neural and endocrine signaling to explain feedback mechanisms that maintain homeostasis and analyze how nervous and endocrine interactions coordinate urinary and reproductive system function.